Field Theory Application

Field Theory Application Introduction Field theory was developed by Kurt Lewin in 1951. The theory has gained a lot of significance over the years and its applicability has increased significantly in various domains such as physical and social sciences. According to Martin (2003), field theory tries to explain how change occurs in various amongst individuals and organizations. The theory asserts that change emanates from interaction between various elements which have distinctive characteristics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Field Theory Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the field theory assumes that such interactions are affected by various forces that emanate from within or from the external environment. Martin (2003) asserts that ‘the theory has several generic characteristics no matter the domain of its application’ (p.9). Some of the major domains within which field theory is applied include process management, social science, change management and organizational development. This paper is aimed at explaining various domains within which field theory is applicable. Field theory and change management One of the domains within which field theory is applied relates to change management. Currently, organizations are facing numerous challenges arising from the internal and external business environments. This is further emphasized by Staver (2012) who asserts that ‘firms in different economic sectors are facing unprecedented speed of change that requires them to adjust their operations in order to survive’ (p. 60). Change impacts all organizations irrespective of their size, economic sector or structure. The impact can either be positive or negative. For example, change can lead to conflict between a firm’s management team and the lower level employees. Consequently, it is important for firm’s management teams to be effective in implementing change. Field theory plays a fundamental role in firms’ effort to implement change. This is made possible by the fact that the theory illustrates the various forces that impact change. The theory enables firms’ management to establish the various forces that may affect the change process. According to the theory, some forces drive change while others restrain its occurrence (Jeong 2009). These forces emanate from various sources such as individual’s needs, capabilities and interests. In the process of implementing change, it is essential for firms’ management teams to be agile and swift. However, existence of restraining and driving forces may hinder attainment of the desired objective. To implement their desired change, it is essential for firm’s management teams to develop a comprehensive understanding of their employees’ behavior. The reaction by employees towards the desired change may stimulate or hinder attainment of the set organizational goal. Fie ld theory underscores the importance of understanding individuals’ behavior prior to implementing the desired change. According to Hughes and Wearing (2012), ‘field theory attempts to map the environment or field within which individual and group behavior occurs’ (p.63). The theory assumes that individual and group behaviors are determined by various forces. Some of these forces may originate from various sources such as the family, learning institutions and the workplace.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory further emphasizes the importance of focusing on group behavior rather than concentrating on individual behavior. This is due to the fact that individuals’ behavior and actions are influenced by group norms, culture, rules and regulations (Hughes Wearing, 2012). According to field theory, individuals have certain conceptions r egarding the likelihood of change occurring within their field. This is underlined by Martin (2003) who is of the opinion that ‘the fields are in continuous state of adaptation which is referred to as a quasi-stationary equilibrium’ (p. 18). The theory assumes that the success with which change is implemented is dependent on the effectiveness with which balance is established various between the driving and the limiting forces. Field theory and organizational development In addition to change management, field theory is also applicable within the organizational development domain. Organizations are facing intense competition arising from factors such as high rate of globalization. In the course of executing their duties, employees are required to balance between work and life demands. Such pressures may lead to conflict of interest between employees and the organization hence limiting organizational development. To enhance organizational development, field theory, asser ts that it is paramount for firm’s management teams to factor in the various organizational components. One of the areas that firms should focus on is the human dimension. This arises from the fact that organizational success is dependent on the effectiveness and efficiency of the various departments. Field theory is very relevant in organizational development. The theory explains how individual and group behaviors are interdependent. Thus, it is essential for firms’ management teams to analyze individuals and their respective environments. Field theory provides organizations’ with an opportunity to understand and predict their employees’ behavior (Burnes, 2004). According to Martin (2003), individuals’ behaviors vary depending on the tension between their personal perception and that of their environment. Martin further asserts that individuals’ behaviors are shaped by opposing psychological and social forces. As a result, it is important f or firm’s management teams to understand the relationship that prevails between their workforces. Jeong (2009) is of the opinion that psychological field is comprised of various stimuli that influence the relationship developed between individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Field Theory Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to this theory, the psychological climate developed by individuals can promote or hinder creation of attitudes that influence the success of the change process. For example, some individuals may develop attitudes that lead to creation of trust or mistrust amongst each other. Furthermore, the attitude developed by an individual may support or inhibit closed or open communication between the various stakeholders. According to Jeong (2009), communication plays an important role in the change management process. This is due to the fact that it impacts the relationship de veloped between the parties involved in a conflicts. Field theory and process management Process management refers to application of various systems and techniques whose objective is to control and improve the outcome of certain processes. Currently, organizations are integrating planned change by incorporating project management. However, the outcome of such projects depends on the firm’s management teams to manage interdependence between various project teams. Field theory plays an important role in managing groups. This is due to the fact that it enables firm’s management teams to understand and improve the relationship between various groups. Additionally, field theory plays a fundamental role in minimizing conflict between project team members. According to Lewin, conflicts are a part and parcel of human relationships. However to continue working together within the society and in the workplace, it is important for the conflicts between individuals to be effective ly resolved (Martin, 2003). This is only possible if the parties charged with the responsibility of resolving conflicts understand individuals’ behavior. This creates an opportunity to establish a point of equilibrium between the various competing forces. Personal opinion on whether field theory fully explains the differences between subjective and objective approaches There are various approaches that can be used to explain individuals’ behavior. Some of these approaches include subjective and objective approach. Field theory states that understanding human behavior can only be achieved by integrating objective approach (Martin, 2003). The approach stresses on the importance of ensuring that individuals’ fields or forces are effectively analyzed and understood. On the other hand, subjective approach asserts that for one to understand individuals behavior, he or she must evaluate their past situations and experiences. Moreover, subjective approach asserts that t he individuals’ future actions should be predetermined in trying to understand their behavior. However, predetermine one’s behavior is difficult which limits the probability of understanding their behavior.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to field theory, individuals’ behavior can only be understood by analyzing their current situations which is an objective approach. Consequently, field theory advocates for objective approach in understanding individuals’ behavior rather than relying on subjective approach. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is evident that field theory is applicable in various domains. Some of the domains evaluated in this paper include change management, organizational development and process management. Currently, organizations are facing numerous changes that emanate from various sources. Consequently, it is paramount for firms’ management teams to adjust their operations in order to survive. In the process of implementing change, most organizations ignore the human dimension. This can adversely affect organizations effectiveness in implementing change due to existence of conflicts and resistance. Field theory is also applicable in the process of enhancing orga nizational development. The theory enables firm’s management teams to establish a balance between conflicting interests amongst its workforce. According to the theory, it is paramount for firms’ management teams to understand individuals’ behavior and analyze their environments. The theory is applicable in organizational development and change management in that it enables firm’s management teams to understand the various forces and situations that influence behavior. Some of these forces relate to social and psychological forces. This forms the basis of enhancing relationship amongst employees. The theory further emphasizes the importance of analyzing the behavior of the group or groups within which an individual belongs. This arises from the fact that individuals’ behaviors are shaped by the norms, rules and regulations of their respective groups. According to the theory, it is important for one to focus on understanding the behavior of individua ls with regard to their current situations rather than focusing on their past or future situations. This is due to the fact that situations lead to development of diverse psychological fields that are characterized by unique forces. The forces within a particular field influence development of certain behaviors and hinder development of certain behaviors. Field theory is also applicable in process management in that it enables firms to establish a point of equilibrium between various forces. The above analysis has also highlighted the difference between subjective and objective approaches to change management. This has been attained by illustrating how objective and subjective approaches impact the outcome of one’s effort to understand individual behavior. Objective approach emphasizes on focusing on the current situation while subjective approach emphasizes on the need for evaluating an individual’s past and the future individual actions in order to establish their be havior. Field theory asserts that understanding individuals’ behavior can only be achieved by integrating objective approach. In summary, the above analysis shows that field theory can be applied in various domains. Reference List Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and complexity theories; back to the future. Journal of  Change Management, 4 (4), 309-325. Hughes, M., Wearing, M. (2012). Organizations and management in social work;  everyday action for change. New York: Sage. Jeong, H. (2009). Conflicting management and resolution: an introduction. New York: Routledge. Martin, J. (2003). What is field theory? American Journal of Sociology, 109(1), 1-49. Staver, M. (2012). Leadership is not for cowards; how to drive performance by  challenging people and confronting problems. New Jersey: Wiley and Sons.

History of Dead Mans Penny and British Regiment

History of Dead Mans Penny and British Regiment History of Dead Mans Penny The World War 1 has gone down books of history as one of the fiercest battles ever fought on the face of the earth. Many factors have contributed to the much attention and interest the war has received. One of the factors is the number of casualties reported in the war. Several studies and statistics taken then reveal that the war involved more than thirty million people, ten million of them being soldiers from Europe.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of Dead Mans Penny and British Regiment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the exact number of casualties of the war and the severity of the whole battle is not clear. As such, there are reports and records of people who still search for their loved ones whom they believe were victims of the war. A good example is with the families of British soldiers (Martel, 2003). Through out the war several state governments inc luding Britain sent large numbers of soldiers and army official to the battle fields. A good number of these soldiers fell victims of the war in one way or the other. Most of them gave in to the effects and later on succumbed to war related injuries. Having died in the line of duty, the British Government saw it wise to give an official token as a form of appreciation for the supreme sacrifices made by its soldiers and army personnel and this marked the birth of the Dead Man’s Penny (Baker, n.d.). The Dead Man’s Penny (officially referred to as the Memorial Death Plaque), has a vast history dating back to mid 1916i. As stated earlier, the main reason for the launch of the plaque was to show gratitude to the family of the soldiers who died while in the line of duty. Giving an official token for the fallen services of these soldiers was believed to show the King’s greatest remorse to the next of kin of the deceased for his/her supreme sacrifices at the expense of his/her country. The honor came in the form of a bronze plaque designed with the shape of the penny coin. In the book; The Origins of the First World War, Martel (2003) states, â€Å"The enormous casualty figures not anticipated at the start of WWI back in 1914 were the ones that prompted this gesture of recognition† (p. 34)ii. By mid 1930s close to 1,355,000 memorial death plaques had been issued.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Design of the Penny The designing of the plaque started with the government advertising the idea in the media and putting it up as a competition. Several artists showed great interest and sent their applications. It is believed that close to 800 applicants from all over the Empire showed up for the competition. One factor that made it attract more attention is that the contest also came with a prize of 250 pounds for the designer who w ould emerge with the most suitable plaque. After a series of interviews and evaluations of the entries, the selected designers got down to business and it was Mr. Carter Preston who emerged the winner with his design being adopted for the first Memorial Plaque. Mr. Carter resided in Liverpool and was a renowned artist internationally. The first design (officially referred to as the Pyramus), had a diameter of about 5 inches or 120 mm and was made from bronze as directed by the state government. It had an image of Britannia carrying a trident. Next to the image was the picture of a lion as a symbol of bravery depicted by the fallen soldiers through their dedicated efforts in fighting for their king and empire. The government also allowed Mr. Carter to include his initials (E.Cr.P) on the front paw as a sign of acknowledgement for pioneering of the design. The image of the Britannia had its left hand outstretched and held an oak wreath. Under the wreath was a rectangular frame in whic h the identity of the person being honored was written. Following an argument within the government’s department in charge of the Plaque, the officials decided not to include the respective ranks of the deceased. It was argued that all war causalities died under common circumstance and were all in the line of duty. As such, there were no differences in terms of sacrifices made by each of them. There were also two dolphins on the front face of the plaque. The dolphins swam around the Britannia as a sign of the much coveted Britain’s sea power. There was also an image of another lion at the bottom of the plaque. The image showed the lion tearing the German eagle. All these features clearly showed how remorseful the government was for her fallen men and women.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of Dead Mans Penny and British Regiment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is evident as  "around the picture the legend reads (in capitals) He died for freedom and honor, or for the six hundred plaques issued to commemorate women, She died for freedom and honor† (p. 1)iii. Appendix A shows the first design of the plaque. The first plaques were manufactured at the Memorial Plaque Factory, 54/56 Church Road, Acton, W3, London. In efforts of keeping records of the exact number of war casualties whose fate had been known, the government ordered that all plaques be stamped with numbers of manufacture. However, this took effect later on as the first plaques did not have the stamps. The station at Memorial Plaque Factory in London served from the day of its launch to late 1920 and in December 1920, it was moved to a new site (Royal Arsenal, Woolwich). The new station manufactured plaques with the initials ‘WA’ stamped at the back of the plaque to show their place of manufacture. It also changed the place where the number of manufacture was initially to the s pace between the tail and the hind legs of the lion. Later on when the government started appreciating women who also died in the war, the original design lacked sufficient space to include all details required for their plaque. Carter Preston was once again called upon to make a few changes to the original design. With the space between letter H in initials ‘HE’ and the lion’s back paw being insufficient for the initials ‘SHE’ (for the women’s plaque), Carter narrowed letters H and E to create space for the letter S to be inserted. However, after several plaques for the women were manufactured (around 1500) the master moulds were redesigned again to produce the male version. The main alteration was removing the letter S. The family of Private Bruce was among the first families to be honored with the plaque. Private Bruce, son to John and Mary Bruce was among the soldiers who survived the fierce August 4th 1916 battle at Pozieres. However, he escaped with serious injuries that made him pull out of the war. Having nursed his wounds for over 8 months, Bruce returned to war and was among the soldiers in the frontline during the fight at Bullecourt. However, he was not lucky and was seriously wounded. On 21st November 1918, Bruce succumbed to injuries and died at the age of 33.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the time of his burial, John and Mary Bruce received Memorial Plaque from the British Government. Together with the plaque was a scroll headed by the Royal Coat of Arms and a paragraph that read: of some of the most outspoken regiment during the war included the Cheshire regiment, The Queens (Royal West Surrey Regiment), The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment), The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment and the Northumberland Fusiliers regiment among othersviii. The Northumberland Fusilier regiment also referred to as the Fighting Fifth was the second largest regiments after the London Regiment. By the end of the war, it had raised the most number of battalions after the London Regiment. Its history dates back to the 1880s. Its size characteristics made it one of the most significant regiments that offered services in the World War 1. The battalions of the Fighting Fifth were numbered consecutively from 1 to 34. However, it is believed that the regiment raised up to 51 battalions. The ba ttalions comprised of long service, professional and territorial soldiers. There were also volunteers who worked under part time programs, the same programs as those of the U.S. Army National Guard units. Most of the long service and professional soldiers were in the battalions numbered 1st through 3rd. These battalions were permanent with the regiment. Battalions 4th to 7th were general battalions and most of the territorial soldiers and part time volunteers belonged to this group. The battalions numbered 8th and beyond mostly comprised of volunteer, war-raised units and citizen-soldiers that existed for the duration of the war. However, all these groups of soldiers were disbanded after the war. Despite the large size, soldiers’ wellbeing was closely monitored. For instance, Mosier (2001) states, â€Å"Typically, every battalion and every regiment in the British Army was below its authorized â€Å"on-paper† strength due to men being killed or wounded or being transfe rred in or out of the unit, or being absent on home or sick leave†(p 56)ix. Most of the battalions were service oriented. However, battalions 28th to 34th were reserve battalions. The battalion in question [25th (Service) Battalion (2nd Tyneside Irish)] has a vast history. It was established on 9th November 1914 in Newcastle. The Lord Mayor and City was the one behind the formation of the battalion. With its formation, the battalion offered a range of services under the Lord Mayor and the City. In mid 1915, it moved on and attached to the 103rd Brigade of the 34th Division. It is still not clear what motivated the attachment. However, the influence of the brigade has vastly been used to explain the attraction. Six months later (in January 1916) the battalion landed in France where it made impact almost immediately. On 3rd February 1918, the battalion transferred from 103th Brigade to the 102nd one of the 34th Division. This had adverse effects on the battalion as it was decrea sed to cadre strength by 16th May of the same yearx. This was then followed by a series of transfers with one on 17th June 1918 where it transferred to the 116th Brigade, 39th Division. 29th July of the same year it is reported that it farther transferred 197th Brigade but this time round it also changed division to the 66th, also known as the 2nd East Lancashire. The final transfer came on 20th September 1918 when it transferred to Line of Communication (with 197th Brigade). The regiment used sophisticated machine guns. This was one of the main reasons for its success. Both territorial and professional soldiers were trained on how to transport, fire and maintain the heavy machinery. Just like other regiment, Fighting Fifth had one of the biggest detachments at its Base depot. The detachment was under the watch of one subaltern, two sergeants and around 45 Privatesxi. There were also three store men who physically took care of the detachment and received instructions from the Sergea nt Master Tailor. The battalion also had a group of soldiers who formed up the regiment band. These were ones were responsible for the health being of the other soldiers. Most of them were medically trained and thus offered first aid services to all soldiers injured. They also acted as stretcher bearers while in the battle field. Junior military personnel such as drivers and signalers were only entitled to carry a sword as they were believed to have minimal risks. All those personnel above the sergeant rank carried a pistol as NCO’s together with the other ranks carried rifles. Use of horses was the main means of transport used during the era of the regiment. Statistics reveal that there regiment and 25th battalion had close to 600 riding horses (Chickering, 2004). Some of the big names associated with the 25th Battalion of the Northumberland Fusiliers regiment include Lance Corporal Thomas Bryan. The corporal is much remembered for his efforts in silencing a machine-gun of w hich he found to be inflicting a lot of damage. He was so vocal with the idea despite the fact that he had been wounded a number of times. His technique included â€Å"approaching the gun from behind, disabling it and killed two of the team as they were abandoning the gun† (p. 76)xii. His efforts gained momentum because of the fact that the gun machine gun was a major hindrance to advancement to the second objective (Chickering, 2004). In conclusion, all the above facts about the Great War of 1914-1918 are proof enough to show how complex the war was. The large number of military personnel involved also shows how big the war was. In other words, the magnitude and the complexity of the war made it attract a lot of attention all over the world. There are these factors that made most strong power nations to invest heavily in the war. Nevertheless, the aftermath effects were felt all over the world with some nations such as German, Ottoman, Russia and Austro-Hungarian collapsing. References Baker, C. (n.d.). The Northumberland Fusiliers. Web. Chickering, R. (2004). Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyons, M. (1999). World War I: A Short History. New York: Prentice Hall. Martel, G. (2003). The Origins of the First World War. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Mosier, J. (2001). Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics: Myth of the Great War; How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies. New York: Harper Collins. Wright, K. (2006). Dead Mans Penny. Retrieved from militaryhistoryonline.com/ Appendix: Memorial Death plaque Footnotes i Wright, K, Dead Mans Penny (2006). ii Martel, G, The Origins of the First World War (Pearson Longman 2003). iii Wright, K, Dead Mans Penny (2006). iv Wright, K, Dead Mans Penny (2006). v Wright, K, Dead Mans Penny (2006). vi Lyons, M, World War I: A Short History (Prentice Hall 1999). vii Mosier, J, Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics: Myth of the Great War; How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies (Harper Collins 2001). viii Mosier, J, Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics: Myth of the Great War; How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies (Harper Collins 2001). ix Mosier, J, Germany and the Development of Combined Arms Tactics: Myth of the Great War; How the Germans Won the Battles and How the Americans Saved the Allies (Harper Collins 2001). x Baker, C, The Northumberland Fusiliers (n.d.). xi Baker, C, The Northumberland Fusiliers (n.d.). xii Lyons, M, World War I: A Short History (Prentice Hall 1999).

Starbucks International Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Starbucks International Operations - Essay Example Sweden is an affluent European nation that is a part of the European Union, Bulgaria is an East European nation that has a much lower per capita income and is not yet a member of the European Union, although it is provisionally set to become one in 2007, while Nigeria is an African nation that is the poorest among the three countries. This Report will select one of these countries as potentially the best country that Starbucks could consider entering and then outline an entry proposal strategy that Starbucks could apply in order to derive the best benefits from that potential market. In terms of worldwide coffee consumption, Scandinavian countries (Finland, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway) â€Å"continue to be the areas with the highest consumption (Reporter, 2007). For this reason, Sweden offers enormous potential for Starbucks coffee because it is one of the highest per capita coffee consuming countries in the world, which is estimated at 10 kilos for an 8 million population. (McCabe, 1994). According to Datamonitor reports, the Scandinavians are coffee fiends and the average Dane drank his/her way through 7.5 kilos of coffee in 2002, which is about 75 regular sized cups of coffee (www.beveragedaily.com). Sweden follows this trend closely and one of the reasons that have been put forward for high consumption of hot coffee is the cold weather in the country. Additionally, the Datamonitor report states that this trend could â€Å"partly be explained by high alcohol prices – these mean caffeine can be a far more cost-effective way of getting wired than drinking† since coffee is also much cheaper (www.beveragedaily.com). However, there is one aspect that must be taken into consideration in countries such as Sweden, which is established coffee drinkers such as France and Italy.

Polycystic Ovary Syndromew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Polycystic Ovary Syndromew - Essay Example In general, PCOS is characterized by absence of or irregular menstruation, hirsutism, anovulation, infertility, obesity, acne, metabolic disorders, insulin insensitivity and hyperinsulinemia, to name a few symptoms. The patient's ovaries in classical cases show the presence of multiple small cysts. The primary cause of this disorder is not known. However, three factors are known to play important roles in the development and progression of PCOS. These are hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and high levels of Luteinizing hormone (LH). PCOS is easily diagnosed in the clinical setting through history and physical examination. This is then accompanied by laboratory results of hormonal levels, for the sake of differential diagnoses with similar illnesses, such as congenital non-classical adrenal hyperplasia. Infertility related to PCOS is caused by anovulation. The high level of LH associated with PCOS is responsible for this anovulation. It causes increased production of androgens from the adrenal gland and the ovaries. These androgens cause typically masculine characteristics in the female and inhibit maturation of the ovum. Secondly, high levels of LH also inhibit maturation and release of dominant follicles (Hill, 2003). Young women and adolescent girls are the age group susceptible to contracting PCOS. The percentage of that age group who are diagnosed with PCOS is an astounding 5-10 percent. (Kidson, 1998) For women of child-bearing age, PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder. Statistics show that 4 to 6 percent of all women in America have hyperandrogenic chronic anovulation (Schroeder, April 2003). This prevalence increases sharply in women with chronic anovulation and hyperinsulinemia. This illness not only robs the affected patient of the ability to have children, but it also increases her susceptibility to other disorders, such as diabetes type 2 (DM type 2) and CVS diseases. The psychological part of it must also be considered. These patients commonly suffer from depression due to the inability to have children and the other symptoms associated with PCOS, such as hirsutism and androgenic alopecia. The risk factors for PCOS are increased levels of LH secretion due to hyperproduction of go nadotropin releasing hormone, hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. A concern which must be addressed is the increasing cases of ovarian hyperstimulation, pregnancy loss, gestational diabetes and hypertension due to ovulation induction in these patients (Schroeder, April 2003). Since the actual cause of PCOS is not known, there is very little that can be done to prevent the disorder. However, it is important to screen for the disorder and other differential diagnoses of similar illnesses in all patients presenting with irregular menstruation, infertility and hirsutism. All identified cases should also be screened for risks of DM type 2, CVS conditions and the metabolic syndrome. The rise in the prevalence of PCOS and the fact that diabetes and CVS conditions are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in today's clinical setup, should make the contribution of PCOS to

Rhetorical Analysis of Obamas Inaugural Address 2008 Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis of Obamas Inaugural Address 2008 Essay The 2008 presidential campaign was controversial, emotional, historical and also amidst an economic crisis. Barack Obama’s victory marked a change in American society regarding race and politics. His election as the first African American President of the United States is profound and signifies a changing America. Obama gave his inaugural address on January 20, 2009 in Washington D.C. Unlike the campaign, the inauguration was a celebration, marked by clear skies and a patriotic crowd. More than one million people gathered in the National Mall to support the newly elected President despite cold weather. His primary audience was the American people viewing, but he also appealed to a secondary audience consisting of nations across the globe. Obama’s use of diction, tone, and vocal variety created a powerful delivery that supported his implicit purpose. In order to achieve his explicit purpose, he established and maintained a positive ethos and appealed to pathos through imagery. Obama’s explicit purpose was deliberative and challenged Americans to return to the moral truths â€Å"upon which our success depends†. He does not clearly state his main claim until the end of the speech. He goes on to list these truths as, â€Å"honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty, and patriotism†. After listing these values and challenging Americans to return to them, he states, â€Å"[w]hat is required now of us is a new era of responsibility – a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world [. . .]†. He is leaving it up to American citizens to take responsibility to face the challenges of today by returning to principles of yesterday. Implicitly, Obama’s speech was an attempt to generate a sense of hope back into America. He chooses words such as ‘hope’, ‘unity’, and ‘peace’ in order to rhetorically soothe the audience. He delivers a powerful implicit message through his use of diction, tone, and vocal variety. The diction that Obama used in addit ion to tone and vocal variety created a powerful delivery that contributed to the success of his motives for speaking. By choosing to use particular words or phrases, Obama was able to convey his message more clearly and he was also able to affect the audience in a particular way. For example, near the beginning of the speech he says, â€Å"[t]he time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit†. This is another way of stating his explicit purpose. Telling the audience that they have an ‘enduring spirit’ is an attempt to encourage them to press on. Another example of this encouraging diction is when he says, â€Å"we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America†. This phrase received great reception from the audience because of the optimism it instilled. Not only did the specific words that he chose contribute to the success of his speech, but the way in which he delivered the words ultimately made the purpose of the speech successful. Throughout the duration of his speech, Obama maintained a clear, strong, confident voice that easil y projected across the magnificent crowd. He enunciated each word clearly and carefully and adjusted his tone appropriately with his speech. He also emphasized particular words in order to stress their significance. One particular example of this was when Obama was discussing our common defense and he said, â€Å"[a]nd we are ready to lead once more†, stressing each word separately and with great force. This is important because it gets the audience’s attention and not only focuses on his explicit purpose, but also implicitly creates optimism that generates hope into the crowd. In order to gain credibility with his audience, Obama had to first establish a positive ethos. Without credibility, Obama would not be able to achieve his primary purpose. He appeals to ethos when he opens his speech with â€Å"[m]y fellow citizens†. By putting himself on the same level as the people who had elected him President, he was able to gain their trust and respect. He does this again when he says â€Å"[. . .] We the Pe ople have remained faithful† only a few sentences later. Not only does Obama have to establish a positive ethos to accomplish his explicit purpose, he also needs to maintain a positive ethos. He does this successfully several times throughout his speech. One way in particular that he does this is by continuing to include himself with the American citizens. He does not blame the state of the economy on the government, citizens, or anyone else, but instead calls it â€Å"our collective failure to make hard choices†. He could easily point a finger at another political party, for example, but he does not, and that maintains his positive credibility. A final way in which Obama establishes and maintains a positive ethos is by addressing the opposing side. He discusses how they will criticize his plans and refutes it by saying, â€Å"[t]he question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works [. . .]†. By taking the opposing side into account, Obama demonstrates that he is well prepared and credible which enables him to achieve his explicit purpose. Obama also appeals to pathos through descriptive imagery in attempt to motivate people to return to old moral values. He discusses the Americans who have struggled, sacrificed, and persevered for generations and the examples that they are. For instance, he says,â€Å"[f]or us, they packed up [. . .] and traveled [. . .] [f]or us, they toiled in sweatshops [. . .] endured the lash of the whip [. . .] plowed the hard earth[. . .] [f]or us, they fought and died [. . .]†. His repeated use of â€Å"for us† is an example of anaphora and is significant because it reinforces the sacrifice behind the struggle. He wanted Americans to remember those in the past who had fought and endured for freedom and victory. By doing this, Obama further motivated his audience to return to old moral values and encouraged them to take responsibility to face the challenges of this age. In conclusion, Barack Obama’s diction, tone, and vocal variety contributed to an influential delivery that directly influenced the success of his implicit purpose of instilling optimism into the American people. By establishing and maintaining a positive ethos, Obama created a more receptive audience that was willing to hear what he had to say because of his recognized credibility. This enabled him to achieve his primary purpose of challenging Americans to return to old moral values and to take responsibility for themselves, their nation, and even the world. Finally, Obama appealed to pathos in an attempt to further challenge Americans by reminding them of brave Americans from the past who have struggled and sacrificed so that freedom could live on. Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address is quite successful when analyzing these elements because he effectively fit his message to the current economic circumstances and used suitable techniques to appeal to the audience.

Analysis Of The Code Of Conduct

Analysis Of The Code Of Conduct Planning is no longer a fashionable concept particularly after the collapse of socialism in the recent past and which has exerted the influence upon the environment (Evans, 1995). It is the part of land use planning system which used to balance the developments in future in context of economic, social and environment areas. According  [2]  to Davies, A N, Planning is the process of setting goals, developing strategies, and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals and it is a tool for guidance and facilitation for various areas like regeneration and development. According  [3]  to Lewis Keeble, Planning is the art and science of ordering the use of land and the character and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience and beauty. Since the postwar planning system was put into place in Britain, Major changes have taken place during this time in society, the economy, and the political scene some of which have been touched upon in this rapid overview. In these changing frames, town and country planning has grown into a series of different policy areas which gave different directions for the profession. As the profession underwent a number of changes, the development of various acts, policies, frameworks and guidance notes came into existence. According to Evans, B., The British planning has emerged out from particular circumstances like economic, political and cultural as a form of land use control which is different to the emerged systems in other countries. The essay analyzes the critical adequacy of Royal Town Planning Institute`s (RTPI) Code of Conduct in other light of ethical concerns which are also an important concerns in planning actions/decisions. It begins with introduction about RTPI`s Code of Conduct, distinguish between ethics, ethical issues and as well as between Codes of Conducts and Codes of Ethics. It then describes the arguments between different authors about ethical dilemmas in the context of planning theory, changing role of professional planners due to confronting of ethical issues/dilemmas and criticism of the RTPI Code of Conduct in different ethical concerns like personal, social and environmental etc because the involvement of political/personal concerns, social reforms and environmental protection/concerns were added to the planning actions/decisions over the time. So its really important to analyze the Code of Conduct in their context. It concludes by looking over different ethical concerns critically to find out the importance of Code of Conduct for future in the context of different ethical concerns. In the British Planning practice system, The Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) is a dynamic organisation leading the way in the creation of places that work now and in the future  [4]  . The RTPI has its own professional Code of Conduct as last amended on January 2007. The Professional Code of Conduct sets out that how the members of RTPI should behave among their all the professional activities and ethics. It has also numbered clauses which are more detailed, explains the Code of Conduct. Ethics are defined  [5]  as the moral quality of an action or the rightness. It is important to distinguish the ethics and ethical issues. Ethics are helpful to guide the planners in their daily professional work schedule while ethical issues majorly focused upon the moral correct behaviors and involve conflicts/dilemmas about the right/wrong ends and principles. Within the planning profession there are codes of conduct (RTPI, adopted 1994) and codes of ethics. It is important to differentiate these: a code of ethics is comprised of visionary statements regarding the normative and ethical aspects of the profession While a code of conduct has certain guidelines/regulations for professional behavior including conflict of interest and professional competence (Hendler 1991). The ethics of competence, integrity and equality are the main objectives in the purposes of RTPI`s Code of Conduct among their all the professional activities and Code of Conduct is also giving emphasis to personal, professional and political ethical frameworks. Planning theory is also describing the ethical dilemmas of different sectors which are like environment, social and economic etc. According  [6]  to Campbell S S. Fainstein S., Planning theory in itself, is a slippery subject and explanations are often frustratingly tautological or disappointingly pedestrian Consequently it appears as overlap with theory in all disciplines of social sciences and its hard to limit the scope of planning. According to William L., planners are torn between public, serving professionals and fellow members. So this dilemma is further complicated by the extension of planning actions and conflicts between the different sectors like environment, social and economic development and these conflicts creates problems not only in planning actions as well as in professionals and in the whole planning process. The changing role of planners over the time is also a one of reason for the increase in confronting of profession by ethical issues. These changes can be measured from two perspectives as Change in the planning profession itself over time and changes in the way in which public and clients perceive planning professionals and their profession. Planners have seen in different role models over the time and recently they are seen to be more interactive, exchanging knowledge and ideas with clients and a wide range of other interested parties (Healey 1991). Now planner is recognized as expertise, is more to deal with exchanging ideas/knowledge instead of framing policies and report writings. According to Prior (2000), the current role of planner is seems to be as a mediator between different interests in land development and Forester (1989) also gave examined planner`s current role as a facilitator who is assisting others rather than a technical expert. Thomas and Healey (1991) also describe  [7]  planning as a multi-disciplinary field drawing on diverse fields of knowledge. Planners must be able to draw together these diverse fields and co-ordinate agencies with different knowledge and responsibilities. Every country has its own bodies (Government/NGO`s) for ensuring the equality among different groups in the society. The RTPI Code of Professional conduct under No.2, It mentions the equality and elimination of discrimination in the context of sex, religion, disability, age and sexual orientation in all the professional activities among members others. In the 1970s, to address the new questions and goals, an attempt was done to broaden them by criticizing the professional code of conducts by Howe, Kaufman and Marcuse. According to them, as they were criticizing the professional planning codes from the UK, Canada USA, some of the codes in UK have no references to the ethics, and they are just mentioning some general terms related with ethics and in some, more emphasis on personal ethics of individual planners. The RTPI Code of Conduct also mentions that the members have to keep their personal, private, political and financial interests separate from their professional duties so that they should perform their duty without any disruption and take steps/precautions time by time to keep them separate from professional responsibilities but according to Marcuse (1976),  [8]  In most cases, even the rules for telling right from wrong are not clear. Obligations to clients conflict with obligations to the public; following professionally accepted standards of conduct produces results repugnant to most laymen; professional integrity and democratic decision making seem to conflict; the bounds of professional concern are hazy. Marcuse also mentioned that the existing ethical and professional standards are often inherently inconsistent, conflicting and contradictory with the profession`s public oriented image. So ultimately they are a weak guide to ethical conduct for practicing planners. The conflict between the views of elected members and the professional planners is also another dilemma. As elected members have different views  [9]  compared to planners because members are typically interested in getting votes which can resultant in different views priorities for a member. So an elected member may have different priorities for developments in district as like social/economic instead of environmental and ultimately it conflicts with the views of planners because planners are responsible for the development of all the sectors and the prioritized issues but in RTPI Code of Conduct, it doesn`t have no references or guidelines for such issues/conflicts between elected members and professional planners. Its true that planners should act professionally but it is also important not to take the biased steps/planning actions under any pressures of elected members or other pressure groups. Even According  [10]  to Brewster R., there are chances of conflicts between the views between elected members/representatives and the planners working in the local Government and its crucial to ensure the successful completion of planning actions. According  [11]  to Friedman, It may be a biggest problem in understanding and theorizing of planning, in his paper on planning research and he mentioned the approach of planning research by encouraging planner researchers to identify the actual situations of city politics with planning to address the question of power. From point of view of planning research and issues related with it, a very little discussion of ethical issues related to planning research has done compared to ethical issues relating to planning only (Hendler,1995)  [12]  . While in the criticism of professional Codes of Conduct done by Howe and Kaufman, (1979); Marcuse, (1976) shows that there is no direct reference/link to planning research in these codes, as these codes are for the regulation of planning profession but which is a different activity from research. So planning research is a part of planning actions/decisions which also deals with the same ethical issues/dilemmas as well as to identify vario us specific issues like related with power, politics etc. Social Justice There are significant shifts over the time in ethical judgments which were informed by notions in the context of social and ethical concerns (Watson, V., 2006). According  [13]  to David Harvey, The social justice is ideally based upon the principles of equal worth of all, shelter and other basic amenities, opportunities for all and eliminating the inequalities from society. The equal distribution among individuals is a simple meaning of social justice (Ernesto M., 2008). The issues of social justice are a prime concern in the context of development, socio-economic aspects. There are number of examples of injustice in the form of suppression, unequal opportunities, inequity etc. According to (Okin, 1989), Feminists have complained that the principles of justice do not apply to the family, and thus, cannot secure equal justice for women and children and he also suggests about the gender neutrality of the original position which will guard against gender discrimination While Rawls notes that the principles of justice apply directly only to structuring the basic social institutions; they do not apply to structuring voluntary associations, including the family. The social issues like equality and elimination of discrimination can be eliminated as mentioned by RTPI Code of Conduct and It will also help to maintain the equal distribution of social benefits and burdens of the society at all the levels of Government but the influence of the class and professional background of planners in producing the cultural prejudice in their attitudes and efforts in the planning profession and increase in the social groups awareness and participation can also affect the professional ethics and planning actions in terms of personal behaviors and time deadlines for applications. The communities and pressure groups are becoming more aware, demanding so the planners are facing ethical issues which become more important and increased. As a result, planners encouraged to interact with communities/groups but at some stages these involvements/interactions with communities creates pressure on the planning actions and as well as on planning professionals. The increased involvement of community groups was identified  [14]  by particular Councils as an increasing challenge facing district Councils in the planning actions in terms of creating more ethical dilemmas for planners. According to Marcuse`s (1976) criticism of the implicit conservation of the ethical discussions and codes of practices which ignores the social values and ethics while the individual actions which can help, remains in the process because of individual concerns as due to their nature and focus on individuals behaviours and neglects the conditions and supports which can help towards ethical concerns. Even According to Wachs (1985), work on planning ethics has focused on the codes and the individual planners behaviours is more instead of social ethical concerns in the planning codes of ethics. Healy (1991) also identified  [15]  the distinction between professional related practice and scholarly practice and different relationships between planning research and planning practice. So she also recognized that scholarly researches as well as planning research are not much in practice. Environmental Justice Environmental Justice is a subset of social justice concerned with the environmental consequences (Ernesto M., 2008). As like Social justice, planners are facing the most important change in all over the changes is the environment. The importance of environment has been increased as it is confronted for number of problems and issues in recent time. So now the authorities/agencies are also concerned about environmental justice as like social justice. As economic growth was the main aim of local authorities and the professional planners but recently and even since the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, the environment and sustainable development have become major issues. This introduces a whole new field of thought to planners, namely Environmental Ethics. Environmental ethics can be defined as that area of thought and moral discourse dealing with our ethical duties to, and relative to, the natural environment (Beatley 1994). There are number of arguments on this point of view by planners and environmental agencies in the light of the increasing importance of the environment and it has lead to an increase in the issues that planners must consider which consequently creates further ethical issues. So like other ethical issues, environmental justice issues are also important concerns in the planning actions and how we can address all these ethical issues and what weight can be provided to environmental issues in planning actions, what issues are more important. Nowadays in the urban forms, the effects or issues related to environmental hazards need more concern as like other developments. So to identify the solutions for these kinds of issues and their prioritization in planning actions, there is no reference given in the RTPI Code of Conduct. Conclusion The RTPI Code of Conduct sets out the professional practices and procedures for the planning members to perform their professional duties for the better and safe future directions for society. The RTPI Code of Conduct is particularly only oriented to the members of the planning profession which are working in the planning and development sector to ensure that the decisions should be appropriate and transparent. As the planning professionals are ensured by Code of Conduct towards their professional services, it can help to achieve the better environment for them and society in the light of those ethical concerns but Kaufman and Marcuse reviewed the Codes which explains the lack of proper referencing to ethics, but it gives only a reference to general terms, They also identified the conflicts between the statements like `Loyalty to public and to the one`s sponsor. From Planning theory point of view, it is also concerned about the different ethical issues between different concerns like environment, social and economic etc. According to various authors, its hard to define the exact scope and limits of planning theory and planning in it and the role of planners is also under such circumstances that the planners are confronted by ethical issues as well as by the field. So this dilemma is further complicated by the extension of planning actions and conflicts between the different sectors and these conflicts confronted by planning actions as well as in professionals and in the whole planning process. The RTPI Code of Conduct will help to the planning professionals to set out open, fair and transparent planning decisions based upon sound judgments and justified reasons and the Code of Conduct also sets out further Supplementary regulations and Bye Laws about the continuity of professional development, planning aid etc can be helpful to young planning professionals to confront the ethical issues. From point of view of other ethical concerns, Social justice and Environmental justice are also prime concerns in future planning actions/decisions. As the essay analyses the importance of social and environmental concerns and why they are more concerned in present and future scenario`s so it becomes an important part of such regulations or Code of Conduct to give emphasis towards these concerns. Furthermore, the increase in communities and agencies awareness demands more expectations from professional planners to undertake these concerns as well. From point of view of Planning research there are no links to the planning research, as these codes guides the profession which is totally different activity from research. So we can not apply the Code of Conduct directly to the planning research. However, The RTPI Code of Conduct guides the professional planners for or encourages the higher level planners to support and encourage other planners to maintaining the professional standards and following the guidelines of Code of Conduct and to deal with the and discuss the ethical issues/dilemma so that they can be further researched by professional planners. For Instance, if we think about the planning decisions and services without the set of practices and procedures given by RTPI`s Code of Conduct or other regulations in planning field, it can create an un-planned and haphazard situation for the planning professional as well as for society. So at the last, for the better planning futures and right decisions, we need appropriate changes/developments in the planning system in the form of rules/regulations, such Code of Conducts, policies which can help the professionals to achieve objectives of planning profession. As The RTPI Code of Conduct is helpful up to an extent for the planning profession to engage the planners with the set of procedures and guidelines but in future there is a still need of further additions/modifications in it. So that it can cover existing and future coming gaps in it and can direct the planning professional for better tomorrows and address the other major ethical concerns like social and environmental concerns.

Essay page

Have chosen the story called â€Å"Facing poverty with a rich girl's habits† by Suck Kim. She starts out with very descriptive details on how her and her family went from the white picket fence and maids to staying with people and not having much at all. Another point I believe she tried to make was that she didn't fit in very well, there were other Koreans in the school, even in the same class as her but they didn't have much in common. She had playmates but that didn't last very long she didn't speak English. Skim's purpose in writing his story was to mainly say how she lost everything in a blink of an eye and ended up over here in America.This story would be nonfiction, and I would say her audience would be the people who have been through the struggle, the ones who have been there in life. Skim's attitude comes off in the beginning as snotty, mad, an upset teenager, but when you've been through something dramatic like that you couldn't say you wouldn't feel angry. During t he middle, it seems like she learns to deal with it, and realizing its part of life but Xx far from easy, but towards the end it seems like she's more laid back ND humble about life.My outlook on this story is that it was very eye catching from the title â€Å"facing poverty with a rich girl's habits† to the very last word. It was very interesting to say the least. Knowing that unexpected things to happen in life, and that not only did she have to move but to have to learn a whole new language, a whole new culture ,and to leave everything behind that she once knew is really tough on an adult let alone a child. Eve been there many times. Overall I'd say this was one of the best stories I've read.